DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Application of Robotic arms Robotic arms are programmable mechanical devices that mimic human arm movements for precise, repetitive tasks across industries. These versatile tools have evolved from early industrial models to advanced systems integrated with AI and sensors. ​ History The first industrial robotic arm, Unimate, debuted in 1961, invented by George Devol and commercialized by Joseph Engelberger at General Motors for die-casting tasks. Early models used hydraulic actuators, but advancements like Victor Scheinman's 1969 Stanford Arm introduced electronic controls and six axes for better precision and computer compatibility. Over decades, robotic arms incorporated sensors, machine learning, and collaborative designs, expanding from factories to diverse sectors. ​ Key Components Robotic arms consist of joints and links for movement, end effectors like grippers or welders for task execution, actuators to drive motion, sensors for feedback, and controllers as the processing br...

Surface modeling in CAD Surface modeling in CAD is a technique used to create and control the outer skin of a 3D object using mathematically defined surfaces rather than fully enclosed solids. It is essential for designing complex, free‑form, and aesthetic shapes in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and consumer product design. ​ ​ What is surface modeling? Surface modeling focuses on defining individual faces of an object instead of a closed volume, so models may not have thickness, mass, or physical properties. This gives designers freedom to shape intricate curves and transitions that are difficult or impossible with basic solid modeling workflows. ​ ​ In many CAD systems, surfaces are built using parametric forms such as Bezier surfaces and NURBS, which allow smooth, continuous curvature across complex geometries. These mathematical surfaces can be trimmed, joined, and blended to create a visually continuous outer shell. ​ Surface vs solid modeling Solid modeling represents...