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Recycling Ecosystem of Electric Vehicle Batteries

Recycling Ecosystem of Electric Vehicle Batteries Electric vehicles (EV) have seen a rapid growth with the global electric car stock hitting the 10 million in 2020. This increasing shift in EV’s would also mean an increase in battery demand. Lithium-ion batteries which currently power the EV’s reached a global manufacturing capacity of roughly 300 GWh per year and the production was around 160 GWh in 2020. Battery demand is set to increase significantly over the coming decade, reaching 1.6 TWh in the Stated Policies Scenario and 3.2 TWh in the Sustainable Development Scenario. The envisaged projections in EV’s and the subsequent battery demand raises important questions with regards to catering to the demand for the materials that will arise for manufacturing batteries, end-of-life (EoL) and waste management.  The increasing demand for battery materials necessitates the need for increased extraction of raw materials. However, reserves are limited in nature and the emissions that result
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Objecves of EV Policy

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   Objecves of EV Policy It is the vision of the Government of Tamil Nadu to attract ₹50,000  crores (₹500 billion) of investment in EV manufacturing and create a  comprehensive EV ecosystem in the State. Such investment is expected to  create 1.5 lakh new jobs. The broad objectives of this policy are the  following: I) Create robust infrastructure for electric vehicles including  adequate power supply and a network of charging points with  favourable power tariffs. ii) Promote innovation in EV for automotive and shared mobility by  providing the ecosystem and infrastructure to make Tamil Nadu,  the EV Hub of India. iii) Create a pool of skilled workforce for the EV industry through the  technical institutions available in the State and create new jobs in  the EV industry. iv) Make Tamil Nadu the preferred destination for Electric Vehicles  and component manufacturing units including battery and  charging infrastructure. v) Create a conducive environment for Industry and Research  inst
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Tamil Nadu E-vehicle policy 2019: Vehicle population in Tamil Nadu

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 Tamil Nadu E-vehicle policy 2019: Vehicle population in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is one of the most advanced states in India. It is one of  Asia's most preferred investor destinations. It is the  country's second-largest state economy, contributing to 8.4% of India's GDP. It is also  an industrial powerhouse of the nation with a solid and diverse  industrial base.  Tamil Nadu has a highly developed industrial eco-system and is very  strong in sectors like automobiles and auto-components, textiles, leather  products, light and heavy engineering, pumps and motors, electronic  software and hardware. Many globally renowned companies have set up  their manufacturing facilities in Tamil Nadu.  The State Government, in its mission to further enhance the position  of Tamil Nadu as the most preferred state for manufacturing, with a  reputation for efficiency and completeness, is guided by the objective of  having environmentally sustainable growth in consonance with the  Sustainable D
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National Electric Mobility Mission Plan

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 National Electric Mobility Mission Plan Government of India launched the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 in year 2013. It aims to achieve national fuel security by promoting hybrid and electric vehicles in the country. There is an ambitious target to achieve 6-7 million sales of hybrid and electric vehicles year on year from year 2020 onwards. Government aims to provide fiscal and monetary incentives to kick start this nascent technology. With the support from the Government, the cumulative sale is expected to reach 15-16 million by year 2020. It is expected to save 9500 million litre of crude oil equivalent to saving INR 62000 Cr. It is envisaged that early market creation through demand incentive, in-house technology development and domestic production will help industry reach a self-sufficient economy of scale in the long run by year 2020. Under NEMMP, Government plans to incentivize buyers of hybrid and electric vehicles. The incentive shall be administered th
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NATIONAL LEVEL POLICY

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 NATIONAL LEVEL POLICY To assist the acceptance of electric vehicles (EVs) in the country, the central government has announced a number of promotional measures in the previous ten years, including tax incentives for electric vehicle owners, public EV charging infrastructure development, and so on. Timeline for various initiatives taken by policymakers and regulators: 1.Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric Vehicles (FAME) – I and II: FAME, or Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid and) Electric vehicles, is currently India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility. It was launched by DHI in 2015. Currently in its 2nd phase of implementation, FAME-II is being implemented for a period of 3 years, eff. 1st April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr which includes a spillover from FAME-I of Rs 366 Cr. The incentives offered in the scheme are: The Department of Heavy Industries has also sanctioned 2636 charging stations in 62 cities across 24 States
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Main Charge Methods for Rechargeable Batteries

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Main Charge Methods for Rechargeable Batteries Constant Current Charging（CC:Constant Current） Constant current charging is a method of continuously charging a rechargeable battery at a constant current to prevent overcurrent charge conditions. There is also a method of charging at a low constant current or varying the current in stages to prevent overvoltage charge） Constant Voltage Charging（CV:Constant Voltage） Constant voltage charging is a method of charging at a constant voltage to prevent overcharging. The charging current is initially high then gradually decreases. There is also a method where the voltage is initially low then gradually increased to prevent excessive temperature rise in the rechargeable battery） Constant Power Charging（CP:Constant Power） A constant charging method characterized by high initial current when the voltage is low, then decreasing current as the voltage gradually increases. Constant Current Constant Voltage Charging（CCCV:Constant Current , Constant Vol
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Batteries in Series and Parallel

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 Batteries in Series and Parallel The battery is a device that consists of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical appliances. When there are multiple batteries in a given circuit, they are either wired in parallel or series connection. Understanding the difference between series and the parallel connections is crucial as they determine how batteries perform in different applications. In this article, let us look at batteries’ series and parallel connection and when each method is appropriate. Batteries in Series and Parallel Batteries can either be connected in series, parallel or a combination of both. In a series circuit, electrons travel in one path and in the parallel circuit, they travel through many branches. The following sections will closely examine the series battery configuration and the parallel battery configuration. Connecting Batteries in Series A set of batteries is said to be connected in series when the positive terminal of
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Lead Acid Battery

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 Lead Acid Battery The Lead-acid battery is one of the oldest types of rechargeable batteries. These batteries were invented in the year 1859 by the French physicist Gaston Plante.  Despite having a small energy-to-volume ratio and a very low energy-to-weight ratio, its ability to supply high surge contents reveals that the cells have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. Lead-acid batteries can be classified as secondary batteries. The chemical reactions that occur in secondary cells are reversible. The reactants that generate an electric current in these batteries (via chemical reactions) can be regenerated by passing a current through the battery (recharging). The chemical process of extracting current from a secondary battery (forward reaction) is called discharging. The method of regenerating active material is called charging. Chemical Reaction for Discharging When the battery is discharged, it acts as a galvanic cell and the following chemical reaction occurs. Negative: Pb(s
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Types of Motors used in Electric Vehicles

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  Types of Motors used in Electric Vehicles Electric vehicles are not something new to this world, but with the technological advancement and increased concern on controlling pollution has given it a tag of future mobility. The core element of the EV, apart from Electric Vehicle Batteries, which replaces the Internal Combustion engines is an Electric motor. The rapid development in the field of Power electronics and control techniques has created a space for various types of electric motors to be used in Electric Vehicles. The electric motors used for automotive applications should have characteristics like high starting torque, high power density, good efficiency, etc. Electric motors have become a huge part of our lives. They are found in all sort of devices from electric cars to drones, robots and other Electronics Devices. In general terms, an electric Motor is a device which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. They are usually referred to as the exact opposite of gene
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Introduction to various hybrid drive-train topologies

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  Introduction to various hybrid drive-train topologies SERIES CONFIGURATION HEVS Series drivetrains are the simplest hybrid configuration. In a series hybrid, the electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels. The motor receives electric power from either the battery pack or from a generator run by a gasoline engine. Computer determines how much of the power comes from the battery or the engine/generator. Both the engine/generator and the use of regenerative braking recharge the battery pack.  Series hybrids perform at their best during stop-and-go traffic, where gasoline and diesel engines are inefficient. The vehicle’s computer can opt to power the motor with the battery pack only, saving the engine for situations where it’s more efficient.  The engine is typically smaller in a series drivetrain because it only has to meet certain power demands; the battery pack is generally more powerful than the one in parallel hybrids in order to provide the remaining power ne
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 Architecture of HEV The key components in an HEV consist of an electric motor (EM), battery, convertor, ICE, fuel tank and control board. These components can be categorized into three groups: 1. Drivetrains—physically integrate the ICE power source and electric drive. 2. Battery/energy storage system (ESS)—emphasizes large or modest energy storage and power capabilities. 3. Control system—instructs electric systems/ICE and manages the HESS. In series HEV, the power sources provide electrical energy at DC bus, which is then converted to traction power. In parallel HEVs, traction power can be supplied by ICE or EM alone, or together by both the sources. The EM is used to charge the HESS by means of regenerative braking. The parallel mild HEV is an ideal option as they provide a prime trade-off between the cost of vehicle and its performance. Complex HEVs incorporate features of both parallel as well as series architecture. They are almost like the series–parallel hybrid except for the
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TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

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  TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES There are four types of electric vehicles available: Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Fully powered by electricity. These are more efficient compared to hybrid and plug-in hybrids. BEVs are also known as All-Electric Vehicles (AEV). Electric Vehicles using BEV technology run entirely on a battery-powered electric drivetrain. The electricity used to drive the vehicle is stored in a large battery pack which can be charged by plugging into the electricity grid. The charged battery pack then provides power to one or more electric motors to run the electric car. Main Components of BEV: Electric motor, Inverter, Battery, Control Module, Drive train Working Principles of BEV: The power for the electric motor is converted from the DC Battery to AC. As the accelerator is pressed, a signal is sent to the controller. The controller adjusts the speed of the vehicle by changing the frequency of the AC power from the inverter to the motor. The motor then connects and leads
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Drive train system (FWD, RWD, AWD, 4WD)

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Drive train system [ front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), four-wheel drive (4WD) and all-wheel drive (AWD)] A drivetrain (also frequently spelled as drive train or sometimes drive-train) is the group of components that deliver mechanical power from the prime mover to the driven components. In automotive engineering, the drivetrain is the components of a motor vehicle that deliver power to the drive wheels. This excludes the engine or motor that generates the power. In marine applications, the drive shaft will drive a propeller, thruster, or water jet rather than a drive axle, while the actual engine might be similar to an automotive engine. Other machinery, equipment and vehicles may also use a drivetrain to deliver power from the engine(s) to the driven components. Vehicle’s drivetrain works with the engine to deliver power to the wheels. The most common types of drivetrains are front-wheel drive (FWD), rear-wheel drive (RWD), four-wheel drive (4WD) and all-wheel drive (AW
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METHODS OF PROCESS PLANNING

  METHODS OF PROCESS PLANNING The two general methods / approaches to process planning are 1. Manual process Planning and (i) Traditional approach (ii) Workbench approach 2. Computer Aided Process Planning (i) Retrieval CAPP system (ii) Generative CAPP system Manual process Planning (i) Traditional approach In traditional process planning systems, the process plan is prepared manually. The task involves examining and interpreting engineering drawing. Making decisions on machining process selection, equipment selection, operations sequence, and shop practices. The manual process plan is very much dependent on the skill, judgment and experience of the process planner. That's Why, if different planners were asked to develop a process plan for the same part, they would probably come up with different plans. ii) Workbook Approach The workbook approach is a modified version of traditional approach of process planning that uses the developed workbook for preparing route sheet. In this app
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Break-Even Analysis

  Break-Even Analysis A break-even analysis is an economic tool that is used to determine the cost structure of a company or the number of units that need to be sold to cover the cost. Break-even is a circumstance where a company neither makes a profit nor loss but recovers all the money spent. The break-even analysis is used to examine the relation between the fixed cost, variable cost, and revenue. Usually, an organisation with a low fixed cost will have a low break-even point of sale. Uses of Break-Even Analysis New business: For a new venture, a break-even analysis is essential. It guides the management with pricing strategy and is practical about the cost. This analysis also gives an idea if the new business is productive. Manufacture new products: If an existing company is going to launch a new product, then they still have to focus on a break-even analysis before starting and see if the product adds necessary expenditure to the company. Change in business model: The break-eve
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Process Planning

 Process Planning When the design engineers have designed the product, the assembly drawings and working drawings of individual components are made. Now the process planners have to see how the product can best be made to meet the drawing specifications. Process Planning: Process planning can also be defined as the systematic determination of the methods by which a product is to be manufactured economically and competitively. It consists of devising, selecting and specifying processes, machine tools and other equipment to convert raw material into finished and assembled products. Purpose of process planning: The purpose of process planning is to determine and describe the best process for each job so that: 1. Specific requirements are established for which machines, tools, and other equipment can be designed or purchased. 2. The effort of all engaged in manufacturing are coordinated. 3. A guide is furnished to show the best way to use the existing or proposed facilities. Procedure of p
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