DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

  Atomic-Scale 3D Printing (Sub-Micron Additive Manufacturing) Atomic-scale 3D printing, also known as sub-micron additive manufacturing, represents one of the most advanced frontiers in modern fabrication. It involves creating structures with resolution at the nanometer and even atomic levels, enabling unprecedented precision in electronics, biomedical engineering, photonics, and material science. This document provides a full 2000-word detailed explanation covering principles, processes, technologies, applications, advantages, challenges, future scope, and illustrative conceptual images. --- ### 1. Introduction Atomic-scale 3D printing is the next evolutionary stage of additive manufacturing, enabling fabrication at scales smaller than one micron. Traditional 3D printing operates at millimeter to tens-of-micron precision, whereas sub-micron additive manufacturing pushes the boundaries to nanometer-scale control. This capability allows the creation of components with ato...

  Introduction AI-driven generative manufacturing design workflows represent a paradigm shift in how products are conceptualized, optimized, and manufactured. By integrating artificial intelligence, machine learning, physics-based simulation, and manufacturing constraints, generative design allows engineers to explore thousands of design permutations autonomously. The result is highly optimized, manufacturable designs that reduce weight, cost, and production cycle time. This system empowers designers to focus on decision-making and validation rather than manual modeling. AI-driven workflows have become essential in automotive, aerospace, biomedical, robotics, and consumer electronics industries. This report explores the principles, technologies, applications, benefits, challenges, and future directions of AI-driven generative manufacturing workflows in detail. What is Generative Manufacturing Design? Generative design is an iterative design exploration process in wh...

  Introduction to CNC (Computer Numerical Control) CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control . It is a technology where machines are controlled automatically using computer programs instead of manual operation.   ✅ What is CNC? CNC is a system where computers convert a design (CAD model) into numbers (coordinates) and use them to control the movement of machine tools like: Lathe (Turning Centre) Milling Machine (Machining Centre) Drilling Machine Laser Cutting Machine Plasma Cutting Grinding Machine These machines use G-codes and M-codes to perform operations.   🔧 Why CNC is used? CNC machines are used because they provide: ✔ High accuracy ✔ Repeatability ✔ High speed production ✔ Ability to make complex shapes ✔ Less human error ✔ Better surface finish   ⚙️ How CNC works? Design the part using CAD software. Convert it to a CNC program (CAM software creates...

 AI and ML for Industry 4.0 smart factories: real-time process optimization, scheduling, and yield improvement Introduction Manufacturing is shifting from scheduled, experience-based decision-making to data-driven, self-optimizing systems. In an Industry 4.0 smart factory, machines, sensors, and software platforms continuously generate data that AI and ML models use to monitor performance, recommend actions, and even execute automatic adjustments on the shop floor. The result is a production ecosystem that learns from every cycle, reduces waste, and responds quickly to changing customer demand. ​ Real-time process optimization Traditional process optimization relied on periodic audits, SPC charts, and operator experience, which often reacted to problems after defects or downtime occurred. With AI and ML, factories can stream data from IIoT sensors, PLCs, and MES systems into analytics engines that track cycle times, energy use, tool wear, and quality indicators in real time. These ...