BASIC OF CNC MACHINE

 

Introduction to CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control.
It is a technology where machines are controlled automatically using computer programs instead of manual operation.

 

✅ What is CNC?

CNC is a system where computers convert a design (CAD model) into numbers (coordinates) and use them to control the movement of machine tools like:

• Lathe (Turning Centre)
• Milling Machine (Machining Centre)
• Drilling Machine
• Laser Cutting Machine
• Plasma Cutting
• Grinding Machine

These machines use G-codes and M-codes to perform operations.

 

🔧 Why CNC is used?

CNC machines are used because they provide:

✔ High accuracy

✔ Repeatability

✔ High speed production

✔ Ability to make complex shapes

✔ Less human error

✔ Better surface finish

 

⚙️ How CNC works?

1. Design the part using CAD software.
2. Convert it to a CNC program (CAM software creates G-code).
3. Load G-code into the CNC machine.
4. Machine follows the code to:
• Move tool (X, Y, Z axis)
• Control spindle speed
• Control feed
• Perform operations (cutting, drilling, turning, milling)

 

📌 What are G-codes and M-codes?

• G-codes → Geometric commands
• Example: G00 (Rapid), G01 (Linear), G02/G03 (Circular)
• M-codes → Machine commands
• Example: M03 (Spindle ON), M08 (Coolant ON), M30 (Program end)

 

🏭 Types of CNC Machines

1. CNC Turning Centre

• Used for cylindrical parts
• Tool moves; job rotates

2. CNC Machining Centre

• Used for flat/complex shapes
• Spindle rotates; table moves in X, Y, Z

 

🧰 Applications

• Automotive
• Aerospace
• Medical implants
• Electronics
• Manufacturing components
• Die & mould industries