ENCODERS IN CNC MACHINES


ENCODERS IN CNC MACHINES


Encoders are used in CNC machines to provide positional feedback while in use, to make sure the machine tool is operating with appropriate speed and accuracy for the job.

An encoder is an electromechanical position feedback device that converts movement data into electrical signals. This digital feedback is used by a machine controller to determine position, speed or direction so it can issue commands to perform a specific function.

Quantum Devices manufactures high-quality, high-performance incremental optical rotary encoders suitable for a wide range of motion control applications, including CNC machining.


CNC machines use brushless direct current (BLCD) motors, which require electronic commutation. Rotary encoders in CNC machines provide real-time feedback about the angle of the BLDC motor shaft. Shaft angle data is sent to the servo drive, which switches currents to turn stator windings on and off, turning the rotor.

Spindle speed

Rotary encoders are used to monitor spindle speed (rotations per minute, RPM) in CNC machining. Accurate spindle speed control based on the tool and materials in use is critical if you want to optimize for feeds and speeds, tool life, surface finish quality and energy efficiency.

Servo motors

Servo motors are commonly used in CNC lathes and 3-axis machining to move spindles and tables along the X, Y and Z axes. The servo motor turns a rotor shaft that moves the spindle or table. Rotary optical encoders provide feedback about the speed and distance of the shaft movements, as the frequency and line count (resolution) are used to calculate RPM.

More examples of applications for rotary encoders in CNC machining include:

  • Lathe encoder
  • Optical encoder for 5-axis machining
  • Incremental encoder for lathe automation
  • CNC spindle motor encoder
  • CNC controller encoder
  • CNC turret encoder
  • CNC handwheel pulse encoder
  • CNC motor encoder
  • Milling machine encoder
  • Machine position encoder
  • Machine cycle encoder




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