Architecture of HEV

The key components in an HEV consist of an electric motor (EM), battery, convertor, ICE, fuel tank and control board. These components can be categorized into three groups:

1. Drivetrains—physically integrate the ICE power source and electric drive.

2. Battery/energy storage system (ESS)—emphasizes large or modest energy storage and power capabilities.

3. Control system—instructs electric systems/ICE and manages the HESS.



In series HEV, the power sources provide electrical energy at DC bus, which is then converted to traction power. In parallel HEVs, traction power can be supplied by ICE or EM alone, or together by both the sources. The EM is used to charge the HESS by means of regenerative braking. The parallel mild HEV is an ideal option as they provide a prime trade-off between the cost of vehicle and its performance. Complex HEVs incorporate features of both parallel as well as series architecture. They are almost like the series–parallel hybrid except for the variance in power flow of the motor, which is bidirectional in complex hybrid and unidirectional in series–parallel HEVs. The disadvantage of complex hybrid is its complexity in design.

Architecturally, PHEV is similar to HEVs except for a large-size onboard battery, having high energy density and efficiency. The combination of CS and CD modes requires a more complex control strategy than in an HEV. PHEVs begin operation in CD mode; and as soon as the battery reaches a threshold value of SOC, the battery shifts to CS mode until the vehicle is parked and recharged. The architecture of a solar-driven HEV (PVHEV) is similar to the PHEV except for an additional photovoltaic (PV) panel, which charges the battery during a sunny day. To extract the maximum power from PV panels, the maximum power point tracker (MPPT) algorithms are applied.


1. Powertrain 1 alone delivers power to load;

2. Powertrain 2 alone delivers power to the load;

3. Both powertrains 1 and 2 deliver power to load at the same time;

4. Powertrain 2 obtains power from load (regenerative braking);

5. Powertrain 2 obtains power from powertrain 1;

6. Powertrain 2 obtains power from powertrain 1 and loads at the same time;

7. Powertrain 1 delivers power to load and to powertrain 2 at the same time;

8. Powertrain 1 delivers power to powertrain 2, and powertrain 2 delivers power to load;

9. Powertrain 1 delivers power to load, and load delivers power to powertrain 2.

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